Tenses (काल) 📘 Chapter 4: Simple, Continuous, Perfect & Perfect Continuous Complete Notes

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Tenses (काल)

📘 Chapter 4: Simple, Continuous, Perfect & Perfect Continuous

Complete Notes

Tenses English Grammar का बहुत important हिस्सा हैं। Tense से पता चलता है कि कोई action या event कब हुआ, कब हो रहा है, या कब होगा।
Tenses को मुख्यतः चार भागों में बांटा जाता है:

1️⃣ Simple Tense (सरल काल)

• Meaning: Simple tense में action को बिना किसी continuous या perfect form के बताया जाता है।
• Types:
• Present Simple
• Past Simple
• Future Simple

Structure:

Tense Type	Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
Present Simple	Subject + V1/V+s/es + Object	Subject + do/does not + V1	Do/Does + Subject + V1?
Past Simple	Subject + V2 + Object	Subject + did not + V1	Did + Subject + V1?
Future Simple	Subject + will/shall + V1	Subject + will/shall not + V1	Will/Shall + Subject + V1?

Examples:

Tense	Example Sentence	हिन्दी अनुवाद
Present Simple	She plays football.	वह फुटबॉल खेलती है।
Past Simple	They watched a movie.	उन्होंने फिल्म देखी।
Future Simple	I will call you tomorrow.	मैं तुम्हें कल कॉल करूँगा।

2️⃣ Continuous Tense (चल रहा काल)

• Meaning: Continuous tense में action को इस बात के लिए बताया जाता है कि वह किसी समय अवधि में चल रहा था/है/होगा।
• Types:
• Present Continuous
• Past Continuous
• Future Continuous

Structure:

Tense Type	Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
Present Continuous	Subject + am/is/are + V1 + ing	Subject + am/is/are + not + V1 + ing	Am/Is/Are + Subject + V1 + ing?
Past Continuous	Subject + was/were + V1 + ing	Subject + was/were + not + V1 + ing	Was/Were + Subject + V1 + ing?
Future Continuous	Subject + will be + V1 + ing	Subject + will not be + V1 + ing	Will + Subject + be + V1 + ing?

Examples:

Tense	Example Sentence	हिन्दी अनुवाद
Present Continuous	She is reading a book.	वह किताब पढ़ रही है।
Past Continuous	We were playing cricket yesterday.	हम कल क्रिकेट खेल रहे थे।
Future Continuous	He will be traveling next week.	वह अगले हफ्ते यात्रा कर रहा होगा।

3️⃣ Perfect Tense (पूर्ण काल)

• Meaning: Perfect tense में action को पूरा हुआ या पूरा होने वाला दिखाया जाता है।
• Types:
• Present Perfect
• Past Perfect
• Future Perfect

Structure:

Tense Type	Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
Present Perfect	Subject + has/have + V3	Subject + has/have not + V3	Has/Have + Subject + V3?
Past Perfect	Subject + had + V3	Subject + had not + V3	Had + Subject + V3?
Future Perfect	Subject + will have + V3	Subject + will not have + V3	Will + Subject + have + V3?

Examples:

Tense	Example Sentence	हिन्दी अनुवाद
Present Perfect	She has finished her homework.	उसने अपना होमवर्क पूरा कर लिया है।
Past Perfect	They had left before I arrived.	वे मेरे आने से पहले चले गए थे।
Future Perfect	I will have completed the work by tomorrow.	मैं कल तक काम पूरा कर लूंगा।

4️⃣ Perfect Continuous Tense (पूर्ण अपूर्ण काल)

• Meaning: Perfect continuous tense action की अवधि को दिखाता है जो किसी समय तक चलता रहा।
• Types:
• Present Perfect Continuous
• Past Perfect Continuous
• Future Perfect Continuous

Structure:

Tense Type	Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
Present Perfect Continuous	Subject + has/have been + V1 + ing	Subject + has/have not been + V1 + ing	Has/Have + Subject + been + V1 + ing?
Past Perfect Continuous	Subject + had been + V1 + ing	Subject + had not been + V1 + ing	Had + Subject + been + V1 + ing?
Future Perfect Continuous	Subject + will have been + V1 + ing	Subject + will not have been + V1 + ing	Will + Subject + have been + V1 + ing?

Examples:

Tense	Example Sentence	हिन्दी अनुवाद
Present Perfect Continuous	She has been studying for 2 hours.	वह दो घंटे से पढ़ रही है।
Past Perfect Continuous	They had been waiting for an hour before the train arrived.	ट्रेन आने से पहले वे एक घंटे से इंतजार कर रहे थे।
Future Perfect Continuous	I will have been working here for 5 years next month.	अगले महीने तक मैं यहाँ 5 साल काम कर रहा होगा।

📝 Summary Table:

Tense Type	Helping Verb	Main Verb Form	Example
Simple Present	do/does	V1 or V1+s/es	She plays cricket.
Simple Past	did	V2	They played football.
Simple Future	will/shall	V1	I will go tomorrow.
Present Continuous	am/is/are	V1 + ing	He is running.
Past Continuous	was/were	V1 + ing	She was sleeping.
Future Continuous	will be	V1 + ing	They will be traveling.
Present Perfect	has/have	V3	She has finished.
Past Perfect	had	V3	He had gone.
Future Perfect	will have	V3	I will have completed.
Present Perfect Continuous	has/have been	V1 + ing	They have been working.
Past Perfect Continuous	had been	V1 + ing	We had been waiting.
Future Perfect Continuous	will have been	V1 + ing	She will have been teaching.

🔎 Important Points:

• V1: Base form of verb (go, play, eat)
• V2: Past simple form (went, played, ate)
• V3: Past participle form (gone, played, eaten)
• V1 + ing: Present participle form (going, playing, eating)

✍️ Practice Sentences:

• Translate in English:
1. वह रोज़ स्कूल जाती है।
2. मैं कल बाजार गया था।
3. वे अगले महीने दिल्ली जाएंगे।
4. वह दो घंटे से पढ़ रही है।
5. मैंने अपना होमवर्क पूरा कर लिया है।
6. वे तीन घंटे से इंतजार कर रहे थे।
7. क्या तुम अगले साल विदेश जाओगे?

Next Sentence Formation (वाक्य निर्माण) 📘 Chapter 1: Affirmative Sentences (सकारात्मक वाक्य) Complete Notes⇒